The instructions in this section are valid for personal communications such as letters, e-mails, phone calls, conversations, lectures and speeches. Do not use personal communication for quotes or information from participants whom you interview as part of your original research. Cite personal communications only when there is no recoverable source available. Personal communications are cited in text only and are not included in the reference list. Before citing a personal communication, you need permission from the person in question to do so!
| Parenthetical citation | Narrative citation |
|---|---|
| (A. A. Author, personal communication, Month DD, YYYY) |
A. A. Author (personal communication, Month DD, YYYY) stated that... |
| Parenthetical citation | Narrative citation |
|---|---|
| (J.-O. Karlsson, personal communication, March 27, 2018) | J.-O. Karlsson (personal communication, March 27, 2018) |